A Review Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus
:
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease in which blood glucose levels in the body is high as a result of reduced production of insulin produced in the liver. The prevalence of DM continues to increase every year and if this disease is not treated, it can lead to further complications, such as diabetic neuropathy, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy. This review article aims to provide a review of diabetes mellitus so that the early diagnosis of this disease can lead to reduction in the risk of complications. This article uses original articles such as Literature Review, and National and International Research Reports published from 2012 to 2021 which were obtained from Google search engine, Google Scholar, and Pubmed. DM is a disease caused because of the incapability of pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin hormones. Insulin is a hormone that has a function in facilitating cellular glucose uptake. DM is divided into type 1 DM and type 2 DM. Type 1 diabetes occurs due to destruction of pancreatic cells, and type 2 diabetes occurs due to resistance to insulin receptors. The risk factors for DM are genetic, age, gender, lifestyle and obesity. DM therapy currently used, such as oral antidiabetic drugs, and insulin and also lifestyle changes which consist of increasing physical activity such as exercise
Keywords:
Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin, Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
References
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Cersosimo, E. Et Al. (2014) ‘Assessment Of Pancreatic-Cell Function: Review Of Methods And Clinical Applications’, Current Diabetes Reviews, 10(1), Pp. 2–42.
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Nasution, F., Andilala And Siregar, A. A. (2021) ‘Faktor Risiko Kejadian Diabetes Melitus’, Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(2), Pp. 94–102.
Nasution, L. K. (2021) ‘Pengaruh Riwayat Keluarga Dm Dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Pada Wanita Usia Subur Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pintu Padang Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan’, Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(1), Pp. 88–93.
Nugroho, R. A., Tarno And Prahutama, A. (2017) ‘Klasifikasi Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Menggunakan Metode Smooth Support Vector Machine (Ssvm)’, Jurnal Gaussian, 6(3), Pp. 439–448. Available At: Http://Ejournal-S1.Undip.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Gaussian.
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Perkeni (2021) Pedoman Pengelolaan Dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Indonesia 2021, Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. Available At: Www.Ginasthma.Org.
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Seino, S. Et Al. (2012) ‘Treating Diabetes Today: A Matter Of Selectivity Of Sulphonylureas’, Diabetes, Obesity And Metabolism, 14(1), Pp. 9–13. Doi: 10.1111/J.1463-1326.2011.01507.X.
Setiawan, M. D. And Yanto, A. (2020) ‘Penurunan Glukosa Darah Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Menggunakan Kombinasi Terapi Relaksasi Napas Dalam Dan Murrotal’, Ners Muda, 1(3), P. 184. Doi: 10.26714/Nm.V1i3.6205.
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Sri, U. (2015) ‘Hubungan Antara Usia Dan Jenis Kelamin Dengan Kadar Kolesterol Penderita Obesitas Rsud Abdul Moeloek Provinsi Lampung’, Jurnal Kesehatan, 6(1), Pp. 43–48.
Sugiarta, I. G. R. M. And Darmita, I. G. K. (2020) ‘Profil Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe-2 (Dm-2) Dengan Komplikasi Yang Menjalani Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (Rsud) Klungkung, Bali Tahun 2018’, Intisari Sains Medis, 11(1), P. 7. Doi: 10.15562/Ism.V11i1.515.
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Artanti, P., Masdar, H. And Rosdiana, D. (2015) ‘Angka Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tidak Terdiagnosis Pada Masyarakat Kota Pekan Baru’, Jom Fk, 2(2), P. 1.
Asmat, U., Abad, K. And Ismail, K. (2016) ‘Diabetes Mellitus And Oxidative Stress—A Concise Review’, Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 24(5), Pp. 547–553. Doi: 10.1016/J.Jsps.2015.03.013.
Baynest, H. W. (2015) ‘Classification, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis And Management Of Diabetes Mellitus’, Journal Of Diabetes & Metabolism, 06(05), Pp. 1–9. Doi: 10.4172/2155-6156.1000541.
Cersosimo, E. Et Al. (2014) ‘Assessment Of Pancreatic-Cell Function: Review Of Methods And Clinical Applications’, Current Diabetes Reviews, 10(1), Pp. 2–42.
Chaluvaraju, K. Et Al. (2012) ‘Review Of Insulin And Its Analogues In Diabetes Mellitus’, Journal Of Basic And Clinical Pharmacy, 3(2), P. 283. Doi: 10.4103/0976-0105.103822.
Faida, A. N. And Santik, Y. D. P. (2018) ‘Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe I Pada Usia 10-30 Tahun’, Higeia Journal Of Public Health Research And Development, 4(1), Pp. 33–42.
Flora, R. And Purwanto, S. (2013) ‘Pelatihan Senam Kaki Pada Penderita Diabetes Komplikasi Diabetes Pada Kaki ( Diabetes Foot )’, Unsri.Ac.Id, 1(1), Pp. 7–15.
Van Genugten, R. E. Et Al. (2014) ‘Does Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibition Prevent The Diabetogenic Effects Of Glucocorticoids In Men With The Metabolic Syndrome? A Randomized Controlled Trial’, European Journal Of Endocrinology, 170(3), Pp. 429–439. Doi: 10.1530/Eje-13-0610.
Gupta, A., Sharma, M. And Sharma, J. (2015) ‘A Role Of Insulin In Different Types Of Diabetes’, International Journal Current Microbiology And Applied Science, 4(1), Pp. 58–77.
Hampp, C. Et Al. (2014) ‘Use Of Antidiabetic Drugs In The U.S., 2003-2012’, Diabetes Care, 37(5), Pp. 1367–1374. Doi: 10.2337/Dc13-2289.
Handelsman, Y. Et Al. (2015) ‘American Association Of Clinical Endocrinologists And American College Of Endocrinology – Clinical Practice Guidelines For Developing A Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan – 2015 — Executive Summary’, Endocrine Practice, 21(4), Pp. 413–437.
Hardianto, D. (2020) ‘A Comprehensive Review Of Diabetes Mellitus: Classification, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, And Treatment’, Jurnal Bioteknologi Dan Biosains Indonesia, 7(2), Pp. 304–317. Available At: Http://Ejurnal.Bppt.Go.Id/Index.Php/Jbbi.
Idf (2019) Idf Diabetes Atlas 9th, In International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, Ninth Edition. Available At: Https://Diabetesatlas.Org/Idfawp/Resource-Files/2019/07/Idf_Diabetes_Atlas_Ninth_Edition_En.Pdf.
Irwansyah, I. And Kasim, I. S. (2020) ‘Early Detection Of Diabetes Mellitus Risk In Stikes Megarezky Makassar Teaching Staff’, Juni, 9(1), Pp. 540–547. Doi: 10.35816/Jiskh.V10i2.343.
Istianah, I., Septiani, S. And Dewi, G. K. (2020) ‘Mengidentifikasi Faktor Gizi Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Di Kota Depok Tahun 2019’, Jurnal Kesehatan Indonesia (The Indonesian Journal Of Health), X(2), Pp. 72–78.
Janež, A. Et Al. (2020) ‘Insulin Therapy In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review’, Diabetes Therapy, 11(2), Pp. 387–409. Doi: 10.1007/S13300-019-00743-7.
Jannah, E. N., Ismunandar, A. And Maulana, L. H. (2021) ‘Analisis Efektivitas Biaya Penggunaan Antidiabetik Oral Pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Rawat Jalan Peserta Bpjs Di Rsud Bumiayu 2020’, Pharmacy Peradaban Journal Juli 2021, 1(2), Pp. 20–29.
Joseph, C. M. C. (2021) ‘Symptomatic Hypoglycemia During Treatment With A Therapeutic Dose Of Metformin’, American Journal Of Case Reports, 22(1), Pp. 2–5. Doi: 10.12659/Ajcr.931311.
Katsuyama, H. Et Al. (2015) ‘Effects Of 6-Month Sitagliptin Treatment On Metabolic Parameters In Diabetic Patients Taking Oral Glucocorticoids: A Retrospective Cohort Study’, Journal Of Clinical Medicine Research, 7(6), Pp. 479–484. Doi: 10.14740/Jocmr2153w.
Kharroubi, A. T. And Darwish, H. M. (2015) ‘Diabetes Mellitus: The Epidemic Of The Century’, World Journal Of Diabetes, 6(6), P. 850. Doi: 10.4239/Wjd.V6.I6.850.
Khatri, D. K. And Juvekar, A. R. (2014) ‘Α-Glucosidase And Α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity Of Indigofera Cordifolia Seeds And Leaves Extract’, International Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(11), Pp. 152–155.
Khoiroh, S. M. And Audia, Y. (2018) ‘Hubungan Kepatuhan Diet Dengan Kualitas Hidup Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe Ii Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Juanda Samarinda’, Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 6(1), Pp. 76–83.
Marselin, A., Hartanto, F. A. . And Utami, M. P. . (2021) ‘Kepatuhan Minum Obat Pada Pasien Ulkus Diabetikum Di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta: Mix Method’, Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Farmasyifa, 4(2), Pp. 51–58. Doi: 10.29313/Jiff.V4i2.7961.
Martina And Adisasmita, A. C. (2019) ‘Association Between Physical Activity And Obesity With Diabetes Mellitus In Indonesia.’, International Journal Of Caring Sciences, 12(3), Pp. 1703–1709. Available At: Http://Search.Ebscohost.Com/Login.Aspx?Direct=True&Db=Rzh&An=139544939&Site=Ehost-Live.
Meidikayanti, W. And Wahyuni, C. U. (2017) ‘Hubungan Dukungan Keluarga Dengan Kualitas Hidup Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Puskesmas Pademawu’, Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi, 5(2), Pp. 240–252. Doi: 10.20473/Jbe.V5i2.2017.240-252.
Nasution, F., Andilala And Siregar, A. A. (2021) ‘Faktor Risiko Kejadian Diabetes Melitus’, Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 9(2), Pp. 94–102.
Nasution, L. K. (2021) ‘Pengaruh Riwayat Keluarga Dm Dengan Kejadian Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Pada Wanita Usia Subur Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Pintu Padang Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan’, Jurnal Kesehatan Ilmiah Indonesia, 6(1), Pp. 88–93.
Nugroho, R. A., Tarno And Prahutama, A. (2017) ‘Klasifikasi Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Menggunakan Metode Smooth Support Vector Machine (Ssvm)’, Jurnal Gaussian, 6(3), Pp. 439–448. Available At: Http://Ejournal-S1.Undip.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Gaussian.
Octaviana Wulandari, S. M. (2013) ‘Perbedaan Kejadian Komplikasi Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Menurut Glukosa Darah Acak’, Jurna Baerkala Eoidemiologi, 1(2), Pp. 182–191.
Perkeni (2019) Terapi Insulin Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus 2019.
Perkeni (2021) Pedoman Pengelolaan Dan Pencegahan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Indonesia 2021, Perkumpulan Endokrinologi Indonesia. Available At: Www.Ginasthma.Org.
Punthakee, Z., Goldenberg, R. And Katz, P. (2018) ‘Definition, Classification And Diagnosis Of Diabetes, Prediabetes And Metabolic Syndrome’, Canadian Journal Of Diabetes, 42, Pp. S10–S15. Doi: 10.1016/J.Jcjd.2017.10.003.
Razzaghy-Azar, M. Et Al. (2021) ‘Meglitinide (Repaglinide) Therapy In Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus: Two Case Reports’, Journal Of Medical Case Reports, 15(1), Pp. 1–5. Doi: 10.1186/S13256-021-03052-5.
Reutrakul, S. Et Al. (2014) ‘The Relationship Between Breakfast Skipping, Chronotype, And Glycemic Control In Type 2 Diabetes’, Chronobiology International, 31(1), Pp. 64–71. Doi: 10.3109/07420528.2013.821614.
Riskesdas (2018) ‘Hasil Utama Riskesdas 2018 Kesehatan [Main Result Of Basic Heatlh Research]’, Kementerian Keseharan Ri. Available At: Http://Www.Depkes.Go.Id/Resources/Download/Info-Terkini/Materi_Rakorpop_2018/Hasil Riskesdas 2018.Pdf.
Rondonuwu, R. G., Bataha, Y. And Rompas, S. (2016) ‘Hubungan Antara Perilaku Olahraga Dengan Kadar Gula Darah Penderita Diabetes Miluts Di Wilayah Kerja Pusksesmas Wolang Kecamatan Langwan Timur’, Ejournal Keperawatan (E-Kp), 4(1), Pp. 1–7.
Safitri, Y. And Nurhayati, I. (2018) ‘Pengaruh Pemberian Sarri Pati Bengkuang (Pachyrhizus Erosus) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Darah Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Tipe Ii Usia 40-50 Tahun Di Kelurahan Bangkinang Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bangkinang Kota Tahun 2018’, Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 2(2), Pp. 14–26. Available At: Http://Ieeeauthorcenter.Ieee.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/Ieee-Reference-Guide.Pdf%0ahttp://Wwwlib.Murdoch.Edu.Au/Find/Citation/Ieee.Html%0ahttps://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cie.2019.07.022%0ahttps://Github.Com/Ethereum/Wiki/Wiki/White-Paper%0ahttps://Tore.Tuhh.De/Hand.
Salasa, R. A., Rahman, H. And Andiani (2019) ‘Faktor Risiko Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Pada Populasi Asia: A Systematic Review’, Jurnal Biosainstek, 1(01), Pp. 95–107. Doi: 10.52046/Biosainstek.V1i01.306.
Seino, S. Et Al. (2012) ‘Treating Diabetes Today: A Matter Of Selectivity Of Sulphonylureas’, Diabetes, Obesity And Metabolism, 14(1), Pp. 9–13. Doi: 10.1111/J.1463-1326.2011.01507.X.
Setiawan, M. D. And Yanto, A. (2020) ‘Penurunan Glukosa Darah Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Menggunakan Kombinasi Terapi Relaksasi Napas Dalam Dan Murrotal’, Ners Muda, 1(3), P. 184. Doi: 10.26714/Nm.V1i3.6205.
Sorli, C. (2014) ‘New Developments In Insulin Therapy For Type 2 Diabetes’, American Journal Of Medicine, 127(10), Pp. S39–S48. Doi: 10.1016/J.Amjmed.2014.07.006.
Sri, U. (2015) ‘Hubungan Antara Usia Dan Jenis Kelamin Dengan Kadar Kolesterol Penderita Obesitas Rsud Abdul Moeloek Provinsi Lampung’, Jurnal Kesehatan, 6(1), Pp. 43–48.
Sugiarta, I. G. R. M. And Darmita, I. G. K. (2020) ‘Profil Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe-2 (Dm-2) Dengan Komplikasi Yang Menjalani Rawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah (Rsud) Klungkung, Bali Tahun 2018’, Intisari Sains Medis, 11(1), P. 7. Doi: 10.15562/Ism.V11i1.515.
Susilawati, Suryani, P. R. And Fatmawati (2019) ‘Pendampingan Deteksi Mandiri Penyakit Diabetes Melitus Melalui Tracking Faktor Risiko Dan Pemeriksaan Kadar Gula Darah Sewaktu’, Jurnal Pengabdian Sriwijaya, 7(2), Pp. 735–741. Doi: 10.37061/Jps.V7i2.9741.
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2022-06-28
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