MEKANISME RESISTENSI TERHADAP ANTI MIKROBA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36341/cmj.v5i3.3274Kata Kunci:
antimikroba, mikroorganisme, mekanisme resistensi antimikrobaAbstrak
ABSTRAK
Resistensi terhadap antimikroba adalah resistensi mikroorganisme terhadap antimikroba yang sebelumnya efektif terhadap infeksi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme tersebut. Resistensi bakteri terhadap antimikroba dapat terjadi pada setiap obat dan merupakan masalah utama dalam pengobatan infeksi di rumah sakit dan di masyarakat. Infeksi yang disebabkan mikroorganisme resisten sering gagal terhadap pengobatan standar, menyebabkan masa perawatan lebih lama, memerlukan biaya lebih mahal, dan bahkan menyebabkan kematian. Mekanisme resistensi bakteri terhadap antimikroba bervariasi dan terus berkembang di antaranya inaktivasi antimikroba, inhibisi masuknya antimikroba ke tempat target, perubahan molekul target tempat antimikroba berikatan, peningkatan produksi molekul target dan perubahan enzim yang mengaktifkan antimikroba. Resistensi secara genetik dapat bersifat intrinsik atau didapat. Mekanisme resistensi didapat terjadi melalui mutasi gen kemudian diturunkan secara vertikal atau melalui transfer gen horizontal. Mutasi dapat terjadi secara spontan atau adaptif, karena zat yang terdapat di lingkungan (mutagen) seperti zat kimia, radiasi dan cahaya ultraviolet. Mekanisme utama penyebaran resistensi terhadap antimikroba adalah dengan transfer gen secara horizontal. Materi genetik yang ditransfer dalam bentuk mobile berupa plasmid, transposon dan integron serta dapat dipindahkan dengan berbagai mekanisme di antaranya konjugasi, transformasi dan transduksi.
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