AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAUN KITOLOD (Isotoma longiflora) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Streptococcus pyogenes
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Abstract
Kitolod is a plant that is easy to grow in the tropics, including Indonesia. Kitolod leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and terpenoids that have the potential to be used as antibacterial agents to inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of kitolod leaf extract on the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes. This research is quasi-experimental with purposive sampling technique. Kitolod leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol then dissolved in 15% DMSO to obtain concentrations of 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, and 90%. Each concentration was replicated three times, and the control used the antibiotic bacitracin. After carrying out the antimicrobial sensitivity test using the Kirby-Bauer diffusion method, the results obtained were inhibition zones of 17.66 mm (sensitive), 18.16 mm (sensitive), 18.50 mm (sensitive), 19 mm (sensitive), 19. 83 mm (sensitive), 21.16 mm (sensitive), 21.83 mm (sensitive), 22.33 mm (sensitive), and 23.83 mm (sensitive) respectively, while the bacitracin control was 17.5 mm (sensitive). Thus, kitolod leaf extract proved to have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes.
Keywords:
Kitolod leaf, Streptococcus pyogenes, Antibacterial, Kirby-Bauer diffusion
References
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Böttger, S., Hofmann, K. and Melzig, M. F. (2012) ‘Saponins can perturb biologic membranes and reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions: a correlation?’, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem, 20(9), pp. 2822–2828. doi: 10.1016/J.BMC.2012.03.032.
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Chauhan, A. K. and Kang, S. C. (2014) ‘Thymol disrupts the membrane integrity of Salmonella ser. typhimurium in vitro and recovers infected macrophages from oxidative stress in an ex vivo model’, Research in microbiology. Res Microbiol, 165(7), pp. 559–565. doi: 10.1016/J.RESMIC.2014.07.001.
Chen, X. et al. (2019) ‘Antimicrobial potential of myristic acid against Listeria monocytogenes in milk’, The Journal of antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 72(5), pp. 298–305. doi: 10.1038/S41429-019-0152-5.
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Dzoyem, J. P. et al. (2013) ‘Antimicrobial action mechanism of flavonoids from Dorstenia species’, Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 7(2), pp. 66–72. doi: 10.5582/ddt.2013.v7.2.66.
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Farha, A. K. et al. (2020) ‘Tannins as an alternative to antibiotics’, Food Bioscience. Elsevier, 38, p. 100751. doi: 10.1016/J.FBIO.2020.100751.
Farhadi, F. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure–activity relationship: An update review’, Phytotherapy Research. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 33(1), pp. 13–40. doi: 10.1002/PTR.6208.
Ferretti, J. J., Stevens, D. L. and Fischetti, V. A. (2016) Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333424/ (Accessed: 27 February 2023).
Guimarães, A. C. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils’, Molecules 2019, Vol. 24, Page 2471. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 24(13), p. 2471. doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES24132471.
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G. et al. (2019) ‘Effect of flavonoids on antimicrobial activity of microorganisms present in dental plaque’, Heliyon. Elsevier, 5(12), p. e03013. doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2019.E03013.
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G. and González-Rosas, Z. (2017) ‘Apigenin reduce lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammatory response in rat cardiomyoblast cells’, Archives of pharmacal research. Arch Pharm Res, 40(2), pp. 240–249. doi: 10.1007/S12272-016-0756-2.
Hapsari, A. et al. (2016) ‘The Potency of Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora (L)Presl.) Herb Extract as a Cure for Cervical Cancer an in Vitro Study of Hela Cells’, in The 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Humanity. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Available at: http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/7469 (Accessed: 27 February 2023).
Kaczmarek, B. (2020) ‘Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials—A Minireview’, Materials 2020, Vol. 13, Page 3224. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 13(14), p. 3224. doi: 10.3390/MA13143224.
Lahuerta Zamora, L. and Pérez-Gracia, M. T. (2012) ‘Using digital photography to implement the McFarland method’, Journal of The Royal Society Interface. The Royal Society, 9(73), pp. 1892–1897. doi: 10.1098/RSIF.2011.0809.
Lee, J. Y. et al. (2011) ‘Antimicrobial Flavonoid, 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone, Have Dual Inhibitory Activity against KAS III and KAS I’, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. Korean Chemical Society, 32(9), pp. 3219–3222. doi: 10.5012/BKCS.2011.32.9.3219.
Lopes, L. A. A. et al. (2017) ‘Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus that overexpresses efflux protein genes’, Microbial pathogenesis. Microb Pathog, 107, pp. 193–197. doi: 10.1016/J.MICPATH.2017.03.033.
Mankovskaia, A., Lévesque, C. M. and Prakki, A. (2013) ‘Catechin-incorporated dental copolymers inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans’, Journal of Applied Oral Science. Bauru School of Dentistry, 21(2), p. 203. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757201302430.
Martín-Rodríguez, A. J. et al. (2015) ‘Flavonoids from Piper delineatum modulate quorum-sensing-regulated phenotypes in Vibrio harveyi’, Phytochemistry. Phytochemistry, 117, pp. 98–106. doi: 10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2015.06.006.
Mun, S. H. et al. (2015) ‘In vitro Potential Effect of Morin in the Combination with β-Lactam Antibiotics Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus’, Foodborne pathogens and disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 12(6), pp. 545–550. doi: 10.1089/FPD.2014.1923.
Musa, Najiah et al. (2011) ‘Methanolic Activities of Selected Weeds on Bacteria Isolated from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larvae’, The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41(4). Available at: https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/tjvm/vol41/iss4/20 (Accessed: 28 February 2023).
Permana, A. et al. (2022) ‘Artikel Review : Fitokimia dan Farmakologi Tumbuhan Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora Presi)’, Jurnal Buana Farma, 2(3), pp. 22–35. doi: 10.36805/JBF.V2I3.547.
Rajkumar, G., Jayasinghe, M. R. and Sanmugarajah, V. (2021) ‘Comparative Analytical Study of Phytochemicals in Selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant Seeds in Sri Lanka’, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(3), pp. 145–155. doi: https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v8i3.1210.
Santoso, H. B. (2022) Seri Mukjizat Daun: Daun Kitolod. PT. Pohon Cahaya Semesta. Available at: https://ebooks.gramedia.com/id/buku/seri-mukjizat-daun-daun-kitolod-daun-kitolod-sangat-kondang-sebagai-obat-mata-selain-itu-juga-mengobati-bronkhitis-radang-tenggorokan-asma-kanker-serta-sakit-gigi-dan-luka (Accessed: 26 February 2023).
Siahaan, S. et al. (2018) ‘Studi Kebijakan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat di Indonesia’, Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 28(3), pp. 157–166. doi: 10.22435/MPK.V28I3.119.
Sun, X. et al. (2019) ‘Improved antibacterial effects of alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks against halitosis-related bacteria’, BMC complementary and alternative medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med, 19(1). doi: 10.1186/S12906-019-2455-2.
Wang, C. Y., Chen, Y. W. and Hou, C. Y. (2019) ‘Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven predominant terpenoids’, https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1582541. Taylor & Francis, 22(1), pp. 230–238. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1582541.
Wang, L. et al. (2015) ‘The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb’, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. Elsevier, 5(4), p. 310. doi: 10.1016/J.APSB.2015.05.005.
World Health Organization (2013) WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. Available at: www.who.int (Accessed: 26 February 2023).
Yang, W. Y. et al. (2015) ‘Streptococcus mutans sortase A inhibitory metabolites from the flowers of Sophora japonica’, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 25(7), pp. 1394–1397. doi: 10.1016/J.BMCL.2015.02.051.
Zhang, Y. et al. (2019) ‘Listeria hijacks host mitophagy through a novel mitophagy receptor to evade killing’, Nature immunology. Nat Immunol, 20(4), pp. 433–446. doi: 10.1038/S41590-019-0324-2.
Bai, L. et al. (2016) ‘Antimicrobial activity of tea catechin against canine oral bacteria and the functional mechanisms’, The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. Japanese Society of Veterinary Science, 78(9), p. 1439. doi: 10.1292/JVMS.16-0198.
Balci, P. (2022) ‘Erythromycin resistance in Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci’, Anatolian Current Medical Journal, 4(4), pp. 421–425. doi: 10.38053/ACMJ.1166370.
Benkova, M., Soukup, O. and Marek, J. (2020) ‘Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: currently used methods and devices and the near future in clinical practice’, Journal of applied microbiology. J Appl Microbiol, 129(4), pp. 806–822. doi: 10.1111/JAM.14704.
Bhattacharya, D. et al. (2016) ‘Antibacterial Activity of Polyphenolic Fraction of Kombucha Against Enteric Bacterial Pathogens’, Current microbiology. Curr Microbiol, 73(6), pp. 885–896. doi: 10.1007/S00284-016-1136-3.
Bhatti, H. N. et al. (2014) ‘Biotransformation of monoterpenoids and their antimicrobial activities’, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. Phytomedicine, 21(12), pp. 1597–1626. doi: 10.1016/J.PHYMED.2014.05.011.
Böttger, S., Hofmann, K. and Melzig, M. F. (2012) ‘Saponins can perturb biologic membranes and reduce the surface tension of aqueous solutions: a correlation?’, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem, 20(9), pp. 2822–2828. doi: 10.1016/J.BMC.2012.03.032.
Bridson, E. Y. (2006) The Oxoid Manual. 9th edn. OXOID Limited. Available at: https://firatozel.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/oxoid-manual-9th-edition.pdf.
Chauhan, A. K. and Kang, S. C. (2014) ‘Thymol disrupts the membrane integrity of Salmonella ser. typhimurium in vitro and recovers infected macrophages from oxidative stress in an ex vivo model’, Research in microbiology. Res Microbiol, 165(7), pp. 559–565. doi: 10.1016/J.RESMIC.2014.07.001.
Chen, X. et al. (2019) ‘Antimicrobial potential of myristic acid against Listeria monocytogenes in milk’, The Journal of antibiotics. J Antibiot (Tokyo), 72(5), pp. 298–305. doi: 10.1038/S41429-019-0152-5.
Cushnie, T. P. T., Cushnie, B. and Lamb, A. J. (2014) ‘Alkaloids: An overview of their antibacterial, antibiotic-enhancing and antivirulence activities’, International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. Elsevier, 44(5), pp. 377–386. doi: 10.1016/J.IJANTIMICAG.2014.06.001.
Cushnie, T. P. T. and Lamb, A. J. (2006) ‘Assessment of the antibacterial activity of galangin against 4-quinolone resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus’, Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. Phytomedicine, 13(3), pp. 187–191. doi: 10.1016/J.PHYMED.2004.07.003.
Departemen Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (2007) KEBIJAKAN OBAT TRADISIONAL NASIONAL TAHUN 2007. Available at: https://bikinpabrik.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/Buku-Kebijakan-Obat-Tradisional-Nasional-Tahun-2007.pdf (Accessed: 26 February 2023).
Diao, W. R. et al. (2014) ‘Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of essential oil from seeds of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)’, Food Control. Elsevier, 35(1), pp. 109–116. doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCONT.2013.06.056.
Dong, S. et al. (2020) ‘Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action saponins from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. husks against foodborne pathogenic bacteria’, Industrial Crops and Products. Elsevier, 149, p. 112350. doi: 10.1016/J.INDCROP.2020.112350.
Dzoyem, J. P. et al. (2013) ‘Antimicrobial action mechanism of flavonoids from Dorstenia species’, Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics, 7(2), pp. 66–72. doi: 10.5582/ddt.2013.v7.2.66.
Ekor, M. (2014) ‘The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety’, Frontiers in pharmacology. Front Pharmacol, 4. doi: 10.3389/FPHAR.2013.00177.
Farha, A. K. et al. (2020) ‘Tannins as an alternative to antibiotics’, Food Bioscience. Elsevier, 38, p. 100751. doi: 10.1016/J.FBIO.2020.100751.
Farhadi, F. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial activity of flavonoids and their structure–activity relationship: An update review’, Phytotherapy Research. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 33(1), pp. 13–40. doi: 10.1002/PTR.6208.
Ferretti, J. J., Stevens, D. L. and Fischetti, V. A. (2016) Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations, Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Manifestations. University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK333424/ (Accessed: 27 February 2023).
Guimarães, A. C. et al. (2019) ‘Antibacterial Activity of Terpenes and Terpenoids Present in Essential Oils’, Molecules 2019, Vol. 24, Page 2471. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 24(13), p. 2471. doi: 10.3390/MOLECULES24132471.
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G. et al. (2019) ‘Effect of flavonoids on antimicrobial activity of microorganisms present in dental plaque’, Heliyon. Elsevier, 5(12), p. e03013. doi: 10.1016/J.HELIYON.2019.E03013.
Gutiérrez-Venegas, G. and González-Rosas, Z. (2017) ‘Apigenin reduce lipoteichoic acid-induced inflammatory response in rat cardiomyoblast cells’, Archives of pharmacal research. Arch Pharm Res, 40(2), pp. 240–249. doi: 10.1007/S12272-016-0756-2.
Hapsari, A. et al. (2016) ‘The Potency of Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora (L)Presl.) Herb Extract as a Cure for Cervical Cancer an in Vitro Study of Hela Cells’, in The 2nd International Conference on Science, Technology, and Humanity. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Available at: http://publikasiilmiah.ums.ac.id/handle/11617/7469 (Accessed: 27 February 2023).
Kaczmarek, B. (2020) ‘Tannic Acid with Antiviral and Antibacterial Activity as A Promising Component of Biomaterials—A Minireview’, Materials 2020, Vol. 13, Page 3224. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 13(14), p. 3224. doi: 10.3390/MA13143224.
Lahuerta Zamora, L. and Pérez-Gracia, M. T. (2012) ‘Using digital photography to implement the McFarland method’, Journal of The Royal Society Interface. The Royal Society, 9(73), pp. 1892–1897. doi: 10.1098/RSIF.2011.0809.
Lee, J. Y. et al. (2011) ‘Antimicrobial Flavonoid, 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone, Have Dual Inhibitory Activity against KAS III and KAS I’, Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society. Korean Chemical Society, 32(9), pp. 3219–3222. doi: 10.5012/BKCS.2011.32.9.3219.
Lopes, L. A. A. et al. (2017) ‘Inhibitory effects of flavonoids on biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus that overexpresses efflux protein genes’, Microbial pathogenesis. Microb Pathog, 107, pp. 193–197. doi: 10.1016/J.MICPATH.2017.03.033.
Mankovskaia, A., Lévesque, C. M. and Prakki, A. (2013) ‘Catechin-incorporated dental copolymers inhibit growth of Streptococcus mutans’, Journal of Applied Oral Science. Bauru School of Dentistry, 21(2), p. 203. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757201302430.
Martín-Rodríguez, A. J. et al. (2015) ‘Flavonoids from Piper delineatum modulate quorum-sensing-regulated phenotypes in Vibrio harveyi’, Phytochemistry. Phytochemistry, 117, pp. 98–106. doi: 10.1016/J.PHYTOCHEM.2015.06.006.
Mun, S. H. et al. (2015) ‘In vitro Potential Effect of Morin in the Combination with β-Lactam Antibiotics Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus’, Foodborne pathogens and disease. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 12(6), pp. 545–550. doi: 10.1089/FPD.2014.1923.
Musa, Najiah et al. (2011) ‘Methanolic Activities of Selected Weeds on Bacteria Isolated from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Larvae’, The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 41(4). Available at: https://digital.car.chula.ac.th/tjvm/vol41/iss4/20 (Accessed: 28 February 2023).
Permana, A. et al. (2022) ‘Artikel Review : Fitokimia dan Farmakologi Tumbuhan Kitolod (Isotoma longiflora Presi)’, Jurnal Buana Farma, 2(3), pp. 22–35. doi: 10.36805/JBF.V2I3.547.
Rajkumar, G., Jayasinghe, M. R. and Sanmugarajah, V. (2021) ‘Comparative Analytical Study of Phytochemicals in Selected Antidiabetic Medicinal Plant Seeds in Sri Lanka’, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 8(3), pp. 145–155. doi: https://doi.org/10.7454/psr.v8i3.1210.
Santoso, H. B. (2022) Seri Mukjizat Daun: Daun Kitolod. PT. Pohon Cahaya Semesta. Available at: https://ebooks.gramedia.com/id/buku/seri-mukjizat-daun-daun-kitolod-daun-kitolod-sangat-kondang-sebagai-obat-mata-selain-itu-juga-mengobati-bronkhitis-radang-tenggorokan-asma-kanker-serta-sakit-gigi-dan-luka (Accessed: 26 February 2023).
Siahaan, S. et al. (2018) ‘Studi Kebijakan Pengembangan Tanaman Obat di Indonesia’, Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 28(3), pp. 157–166. doi: 10.22435/MPK.V28I3.119.
Sun, X. et al. (2019) ‘Improved antibacterial effects of alkali-transformed saponin from quinoa husks against halitosis-related bacteria’, BMC complementary and alternative medicine. BMC Complement Altern Med, 19(1). doi: 10.1186/S12906-019-2455-2.
Wang, C. Y., Chen, Y. W. and Hou, C. Y. (2019) ‘Antioxidant and antibacterial activity of seven predominant terpenoids’, https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1582541. Taylor & Francis, 22(1), pp. 230–238. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2019.1582541.
Wang, L. et al. (2015) ‘The antiviral and antimicrobial activities of licorice, a widely-used Chinese herb’, Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B. Elsevier, 5(4), p. 310. doi: 10.1016/J.APSB.2015.05.005.
World Health Organization (2013) WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. Available at: www.who.int (Accessed: 26 February 2023).
Yang, W. Y. et al. (2015) ‘Streptococcus mutans sortase A inhibitory metabolites from the flowers of Sophora japonica’, Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 25(7), pp. 1394–1397. doi: 10.1016/J.BMCL.2015.02.051.
Zhang, Y. et al. (2019) ‘Listeria hijacks host mitophagy through a novel mitophagy receptor to evade killing’, Nature immunology. Nat Immunol, 20(4), pp. 433–446. doi: 10.1038/S41590-019-0324-2.
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2023-12-05
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